Mpox, formerly known as monkeypox, is a viral disease that has recently gained global attention due to its potential to spread rapidly across communities. Although it was first identified in monkeys, it now affects human beings. Mpox presentation shares similarities with smallpox, however, it is generally less severe.
Common Mpox symptoms are skin rashes or mucosal lesions which can last two to four weeks accompanied by fever, headache, muscle aches, back pain, fatigue, and swollen lymph nodes.[1] Within a few days after contracting Mpox, patients may develop a rash originating from the face and spreading to other parts of the body. The rash progresses through several stages; from flat lesions to raised lesions; fluid-filled lesions and pustules.[2]
Mpox is primarily transmitted through close contact with an infected person or animal. Human-to-human transmission occurs through direct contact with body fluids, lesions, or respiratory droplets from an infected individual. The virus can spread through contaminated materials such as bedding or clothing. It may also be transmitted through bites or scratches from infected animals, particularly rodents and primates.2
To reduce the risk of Mpox transmission one should maintain good hygiene, that is to wash hands frequently with soap and water, especially after contact with potentially contaminated surfaces or individuals. Limiting close physical contact with individuals showing symptoms of Mpox, particularly those with rashes or lesions may also help. An extreme measure such as isolating anyone suspected of having Mpox could prevent the spread. Moreover, using personal protective equipment (PPE) such as gloves and masks when caring for infected individuals plays a significant role. In some regions, vaccination against smallpox may offer protection against Mpox. Healthcare providers should be consulted on available vaccine options.2
While there is no specific treatment for Mpox, supportive care by healthcare providers can effectively manage symptoms and prevent complications. Symptom management may alleviate discomfort, prevent dehydration, reduce chances for secondary infections, and limit the spread of the virus.[3]
Despite being less severe than smallpox overall, Mpox has a high risk of morbidity and mortality, especially among vulnerable groups. The case fatality ratio for Mpox raises to as high as 11%, depending on the area and availability of healthcare1. Children and those with impaired immune systems tend to have greater infection rates. The effects of the disease may be more severe in endemic areas where resources and access to healthcare are scarce. Outbreaks have prompted heightened surveillance and immunization efforts worldwide[4]. Early diagnosis, supportive care, and public health interventions are crucial to mitigate the disease's burden.
It is therefore crucial to raise awareness about Mpox, encourage early reporting of symptoms, and promote vaccination where available. Public health initiatives should focus on educating the public, strengthening healthcare systems, and ensuring access to resources for preventive measures.